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A temperance movement is a social movement against the consumption of Alcoholic Beverages . Temperance movements typically criticize excessive alcohol consumption, promote complete abstinence (teetotalism), or use its political influence to press the government to enact alcohol laws to regulate the availability of alcohol or even its complete prohibition. ==Origins== The temperance movement began in the early 19th century (around the 1820s). Before this, although there were diatribes published against drunkenness and excess,〔One example was Benjamin Rush's 1784 pamphlet ''An Inquiry Into the Effects of Ardent Spirits Upon the Human Body and Mind''. It judged the excessive use of alcohol injurious to physical and psychological health.〕 total abstinence from alcohol (i.e., teetotalism) was very rarely advocated or practiced. There was also a concentration on hard spirits rather than on abstinence from alcohol and on moral reform rather than legal measures against alcohol.〔Peter Fryer (1965) ''Mrs Grundy: Studies in English Prudery'': 141-44. Corgi〕 An early temperance movement began during the American Revolution in Connecticut, Virginia and New York state, with farmers forming associations to ban whiskey distilling. The movement spread to eight states, advocating temperance rather than abstinence and taking positions on moral issues such as observance of the Sabbath. The American Temperance Society was formed in 1826, within 12 years claiming more than 8,000 local groups and over 1,500,000 members. Temperance societies were being organized in England about the same time, many inspired by a Belfast professor of theology, and Presbyterian Church of Ireland Minister Rev. John Edgar, who poured his stock of whiskey out of his window in 1829. He mainly concentrated his fire on the elimination of spirits rather than wine and beer.〔〔Weston, pp. 74–5.〕 On 14 August 1829 he wrote a letter in the ''Belfast Telegraph'' publicizing his views on temperance. He also formed the Ulster Temperance Movement with other Presbyterian clergy, initially enduring ridicule from members of his community.〔''Evangelical Protestantism in Ulster society 1740-1890'' By David Hempton, Myrtle Hill (1992)〕 The 1830s saw a tremendous growth in temperance groups, not just in England and the United States, but also in British colonies, especially New Zealand and Australia. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Temperance movement」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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